Arduino Grammar Handbook

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Programs of Arduino can be divided into three main parts：Structures, variables（variables and constants） and functions Structure/Main structure setup() loop() Control Structures if if...else for switch case while do... while break continue return goto Further Syntax ; (semicolon) {} // /* */ (Block comment) #define #include Arithmetic Operators/Arithmetic operator = (Basic assignment) + (Addition) - (Subtraction) * (Multiplication) / (Division) % (Modulo) Comparison Operators/Comparison Operator == (Equal to) != (Not equal to) < > <= >= Boolean Operators && (Logical AND) [[|| (Logical OR)]] ! (Logical negation) Pointer Access Operators * Indirection &Address of Bitwise Operators & (Bitwise AND) (Bitwise OR) ^ (Bitwise XOR) ~ (Bitwise NOT) [[<< (Bitwise left shift)]] [[>> (Bitwise right shift)]] Compound Operators ++ (Self-add) -- (Self-decrease) += -= *= /= %= &= |= Variables Constants HIGH | LOW INPUT | OUTPUT true | false Integer constants Floating-point constants Data Types void boolean char unsigned char byte int unsigned int word long unsigned long short float double string - char array String - object array Conversion char() byte() int() word() long() float() Variable scope& Modifier variable scope static volatile const Utilities sizeof() ASCII Codes Functions Digital I/O pinMode() digitalWrite() digitalRead() Analog I/O analogReference() analogRead() analogWrite() - PWM Advanced I/O tone() noTone() shiftOut() shiftIn() pulseIn() Time millis() micros() delay() delayMicroseconds() Math/Arithmetical operation min() max() abs() constrain() map() pow() sqrt() Trigonometry sin() cos() tan() Random Numbers randomSeed() random() Bits and Bytes lowByte() highByte() bitRead() bitWrite() bitSet() bitClear() bit() External Interrupts attachInterrupt() detachInterrupt() Interrupts/Interrupt of switch interrupts() noInterrupts() Communication Serial Stream